full text https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85031508760&doi=10.1177%2F1077699016678186&partnerID=40&md5=46b1906934d2792f7fcd71229ab7d9c6
abstract While fact-checking has grown dramatically in the last decade, little is known about the relative effectiveness of different formats in correcting false beliefs or overcoming partisan resistance to new information. This article addresses that gap by using theories from communication and psychology to compare two prevailing approaches: An online experiment examined how the use of visual "truth scales" interacts with partisanship to shape the effectiveness of corrections. We find that truth scales make fact-checks more effective in some conditions. Contrary to theoretical predictions and the fears of some journalists, their use does not increase partisan backlash against the correction or the organization that produced it. © 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.